{"id":1475,"date":"2020-09-16T15:34:34","date_gmt":"2020-09-16T12:34:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/?p=1475"},"modified":"2023-12-05T01:29:41","modified_gmt":"2023-12-04T22:29:41","slug":"english-circassian-causal-markers-derived-from-speech-act-verbs-in-a-cross-linguistic-perspective","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/english-circassian-causal-markers-derived-from-speech-act-verbs-in-a-cross-linguistic-perspective\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u0130RCASS\u0130AN CAUSAL MARKERS  DER\u0130VED FROM SPEECH ACT VERBS  \u0130N A CROSS-L\u0130NGU\u0130ST\u0130C PERSPECT\u0130VE"},"content":{"rendered":"<strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This study is concerned with finite subordinate clauses of reason in Circassian languages, putting them into a wider areal and typological context. These constructions, introduced by complex conjunctions comprising an interrogative pronoun and a conditional form of a verb of saying, are of special interest for the typology and diachrony of causal markers derived from speech act predicates. In addition to Circassian, they are found in East Caucasian languages, together with \u2018say\u2019-based causal markers of a more common type, thus adding North Caucasus to the list of areas for which such structures are typical. They reflect a relatively early stage of grammaticalization of a speech act verb and thus are able to shed light on general mechanisms of such diachronic developments. Being specifically dedicated to encoding of reason, they provide a counter-argument against a common claim that grammaticalized speech act verbs can only evolve into causal markers via the stage of complementizers. Finally, both the morphosyntactic composition of the markers in question and their distribution in the surveyed languages speak against treating them as syntactic borrowings from Russian, although language contact has most likely played a role in their propagation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Words:<\/strong> Adyghe, Circassian, linguistic typology, causal clauses, subordination, grammaticalization<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This paper aims to contribute to the typology of causal\/reason clauses (see (Diessel &amp; Hetterle\u00a02011; Martowicz\u00a02011; Hetterle\u00a02015; Kanetani\u00a02019; Santana Covarrubias\u00a02019; Zaika\u00a02019) and references therein for recent advances) by focusing on a distinctive construction type found in Circassian languages, where a complex conjunction involving an interrogative pronoun and a conditional form of the verb of speech is used:<\/p>\n<p>Adyghe<\/p>\n<p>(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>d<\/em><em>\u02b7\u0259naj-em-\u010d\u0323\u02bce\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a-nah\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 bze\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ze-<\/em><em>\u03bb<\/em><em>-a-\u015d\u0323e-re-m\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<p>world-obl-ins\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1pl.abs-more\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tongue\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 rfl.io-loc-3pl.a-know-dyn-obl<\/p>\n<p><em>a-\u0161\u2019\u0259-\u0161\u2019,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>s\u0259d-a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 p\u0307-\u0294<sup>w<\/sup>e-me<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 br<sup>j<\/sup>\u0259tan<sup>j<\/sup>\u0259je-\u0161x\u02b7e-m-re<\/em><\/p>\n<p>3pl.io-belong \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 what-q\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2sg.a-say-cond\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Britain-big-obl-coord<\/p>\n<p>a.\u0161a.ze-m-re\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 j-a-bze-\u015dha\u0294e-w\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0161\u2019\u0259-t<\/p>\n<p>USA-obl-coord 3pl.poss-tongue-main-adv \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 loc-stand<\/p>\n<p>\u2018It is one of the world\u2019s best known languages, since it is the principal language of Great Britain and the USA.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>(<a href=\"https:\/\/ady.wikipedia.org\/\u0418\u043d\u0434\u0436\u044b\u043b\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0431\u0437\u044d\">https:\/\/ady.wikipedia.org\/\u0418\u043d\u0434\u0436\u044b\u043b\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0431\u0437\u044d<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Kabardian<\/p>\n<p>(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>je-w<\/em><em>\u0259-\u017aere\u010d\u0323\u02bc\u0259-n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 x\u02b7jej-\u0161\u2019,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>s\u0259t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u015dha-\u010d\u0323\u02bce<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<p>loc-2sg.abs-hurry-pot aux-aff\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 what\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 head-ins<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u017e\u0259-p\u0307-\u0294<sup>w<\/sup>e-me<\/em><\/strong><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 zeman-\u0259r\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 q\u0307\u0259-p-pep<\/em><em>\u03bb<\/em><em>e-r-<\/em><em>q<\/em><em>\u0307\u0259<\/em><em>m<\/em><\/p>\n<p>back-2sg.a-say-cond\u00a0\u00a0 time-abs dir-2sg.abs-wait-prs-neg<\/p>\n<p>\u2018You must hurry, for time does not wait.\u2019\u00a0 (Dzhaurdzhij &amp; Syqun\u00a01991: 107)<\/p>\n<p>These constructions co-exist with other, presumably more prominent strategies for encoding causal relations, like subordinating suffixes (Rogava &amp; Kerasheva\u00a01966: 182, 424\u2013426; Kumakhov 1989: 274; Zekokh 2002: 344\u2013345; H\u00f6hlig\u00a02007) or instrumental participles headed by postpositions (Zekokh 2002: 344\u2013345; Gerasimov &amp; Lander 2008: 293; Arkadiev &amp; Gerasimov\u00a02019: 12\u201313, 23\u201324). They appear somewhat atypical for Circassian languages, known for their preponderance of non-finite structures. Most authors have treated these constructions as recent innovations arisen under contact influence from Russian (cf. Kumakhov 1967: 163; 1989: 344).<\/p>\n<p>In what follows, I am going to discuss causal constructions of the kind exemplified in (1)\u2013(2) within a broader typological and areal context. Section 2 presents a general overview of causal markers derived from speech act verbs in the languages of the world and lists some issues they posit for modern linguistic typology and grammaticalization theory. Section 3 focuses on the specific features of Circassian constructions and their closest typological parallels. Section 4 wraps up the discussion.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Causal markers derived from speech act verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Causal constructions involving markers derived from speech act verbs are far from unique to Circassian. One well known example is, in fact, provided by Turkish (G\u00f6ksel &amp; Keslake 2005: 400):<\/p>\n<p>Turkish<\/p>\n<p>(3) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>Sadece\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u0131van\u00e7 var\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>diye<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>only \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u0131van\u00e7.nom \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 exist.aor.3sg \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 reas<\/p>\n<p><em>izle-n-iyor \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dizi<\/em><\/p>\n<p>watch-pass-prog.3sg\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tv.series.nom<\/p>\n<p>\u2018This TV series is being watched only because K\u0131van\u00e7 (Tatl\u0131tu\u011f) is in it.\u2019 (G\u00fcndo\u011fdu 2017: 50)<\/p>\n<p>Heine and T.\u00a0Kuteva (2002: 261) mention say &gt; cause as one of recurrent grammaticalization scenarios for verbs of saying, citing examples from Baka (Ubangian) and Lezgian:<\/p>\n<p>Lezgian<\/p>\n<p>(4) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>Pul\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 kwadar-na\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>luhuz<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<p>money lose-aor\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 saying<\/p>\n<p><em>buba\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 kwal-er-aj\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 aqud-iz \u017ee-da-ni?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>father \u00a0 house-pl-iness\u00a0 take.out-inf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 can-fut-q<\/p>\n<p>\u2018Can we kick father out of the house because he has lost the money?\u2019 (Haspelmath 1993: 390; Heine &amp; Kuteva 2002: 261)<\/p>\n<p>Further examples are discussed in (Ebert\u00a01991; Lord\u00a01993: 168\u2013172; G\u00fcldemann\u00a02008: 464\u2013467) from languages of Africa and in (Saxena 1988, 1995; Chisarik &amp;\u00a0Wurrf\u00a02003) from languages of Southeast Asia. In the latter area, the constructions in question are found in Dravidian, Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman languages, thus constituting an areal feature. Anna\u00a0Martowicz\u00a0(2011: 131) reports 4\u00a0languages (out of her worldwide sample of 84) with \u2018say\u2019-based causal markers (Sango, Lezgian, Galo, and Thai). Outside of Africa and Eurasia, similar constructions have been reported in South America (Aguaruna, Matses) and the New Guinea (Telefol, Oksapmin).<\/p>\n<p>(Ebert\u00a01991: 87) proposes a universal cline of grammaticalization for quotative markers in clause-linkage:<\/p>\n<p>(5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 quote &gt; complement &gt; purpose &gt; reason and\/or condition<\/p>\n<p>More detailed but essentially similar proposals are found in (Lord\u00a01993; Saxena\u00a01995; Chisarik &amp;\u00a0Wurrf\u00a02003) and a number of other works (see references in (Martowicz\u00a02011: 71)). They all assume that a grammaticalized unit evolved from a speech act verb or other quotation marker can not develop a causal meaning before it has acquired more basic functions of complementation and\/or purpose, as testified, e.g., by Turkish <em>diye<\/em> or Besermyan <em>\u0161u(\u01dd)sa<\/em> (Serdobolskaya &amp; Toldova\u00a02011). Such hypotheses are, however, criticized in (G\u00fcldemann\u00a02008: 444\u2013446) as being too far-reaching and overgeneralizing certain area-specific patterns. A particularly strong counterexample can be found in Oksapmin (Trans-New-Guinean), where verbs <em>li<\/em>&#8211; \u2018say\u2019 and <em>pl<\/em>&#8211; \u2018tell\u2019 have developed a range of functional uses including reason, but excluding complementation (even with other speech act verbs, as all reported speech in Oksapmin is direct) (Loughnane\u00a02009: 321, 426).<\/p>\n<p>Another issue that arises in connection with causal markers descending from verbs of speech and that has been only cursorily tackled in the literature is the range of causal relations that they are able to express. At least in those languages for which we have enough data, such markers are not the primary means of encoding reason (just like in Circassian). Examples presented in reference grammars mostly involve not objective causation per se, but a motivation behind a decision made by a volitional agent. For Lezgian, M.\u00a0Haspelmath writes explicitly:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHowever, <em>luhuz<\/em>\/<em>lahana<\/em> expresses an internal subjective motivation rather than an objective cause, reflecting the original meaning \u2018saying\/having said\u2019\u201d [Haspelmath\u00a01993: 390].<\/p>\n<p>Such restriction in the use of the structures in question seems only natural given their diachronic origins. They descend from constructions with speech act verbs, in which a proposition is stated by a participant (presumably as a motivation for a certain course of action or an argument for a certain claim) and are likely to first emerge in contexts involving a sentient participant whose actions call for justification in their own subjective terms. Further extension into the domain of non-sentient objects and objective causal relations is problematic, as grammaticalization in structures of this kind is believed to proceed unidirectionally along the subjectivity scale [Traugott 1995].<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Constructions of the \u201cCircassian\u201d type<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The constructions of the kind found in Circassian, exemplified in (1)\u2013(2) above, stand out in a number of respects. They have a fairly transparent structure, with the morphological make-up of the speech act verb clearly discernible, and thus can be expected to reflect a relatively early stage of grammaticalization. In addition, they contain an interrogative pronoun and can easily traced back to a reanalysis of a conditional structure: \u2018P, if you say why\/what for, Q\u2019. What\u2019s more, unlike the majority of cases discussed in the literature, they can be related to constructions of reported discourse representing the speech not of a discourse participant, but of one of the locutors, either speaker or hearer (the grammaticalized verb is marked for 2<sup>nd<\/sup> singular, but this form is employed in impersonal meaning in Circassian). They thus represent not the subjective, but rather the intersubjective dimension.<\/p>\n<p>Overall, with respect to their structural characteristics, diachronic development, and presumably semantics. the Circassian constructions form a distinct subtype of causal clauses introduced by markers derived from speech act verbs. To my knowledge, this distinction has never been explicitly made before.<\/p>\n<p>It must be noted that similar constructions (albeit, understandably, without the person marking) are found in neighbouring East Caucasian languages:<\/p>\n<p>Ingush<\/p>\n<p>(6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>Earzii\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 eanna \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c&#8217;i\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tyllaai\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<p>(name) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 say.cv.ant\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 name bestow.nw<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>hana\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ealcha\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><em>ciga=chy\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 earzii\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 daaxandea.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>why\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 say.cv.temp\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 there=in\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 eagle\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 live.cv.reas<\/p>\n<p>\u2018It&#8217;s was named \u201cEarzii\u201d (\u2018eagle\u2019) because an eagle lived there.\u2019 (Nichols 2011: 530)<\/p>\n<p>Agul (Burshag-Ooshan dialect)<\/p>\n<p>(7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>\u010din\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 fikir \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 q\u2019.u-ndaj\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s:ul\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 q:\u02c1\u00e4t:e-j\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 wu-ji-r,<\/em><\/p>\n<p>we.excl\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 thought\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 make.pf-aor:pst:neg\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 fox\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lame-sub\u00a0\u00a0 cop-pc-sub<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>fas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 p.i-t\u2019en<\/em><\/strong><em>,<strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>i\u010da-s\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 gi\u010d\u2019\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 x.i-naj.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>why\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 say.pf-cond\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 we.excl-dat\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 fear\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 become.pf-aor:pst<\/p>\n<p>\u2018We hadn\u2019t thought that the fox was lame, because we were afraid.\u2019 (Maisak 2014: 236)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>However, in some Daghestanian languages we find \u2018say\u2019-based causal markers of the more common type, without the interrogative pronoun and any identifiable conditional marker, cf. (4) above and (8) below:<\/p>\n<p>Tabasaran<\/p>\n<p>(8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>\u010d<sup>w<\/sup>e\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><em>ula-z \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0281af-un-dar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>k\u2019uri<\/strong>,<\/em><\/p>\n<p>brother.abs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 home-dat\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 come.pf-aor-neg\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 say.ipf.cv<\/p>\n<p><em>\u010di\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 jar<\/em><em>\u03c7<\/em><em>i\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 jis\u030adi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 nivk\u2019u-z\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0281u\u0161-un-dar.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>sister\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 long\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 all_night\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dream-dat\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 go.pf-aor-neg<\/p>\n<p>\u2018Because the brother didn\u2019t come home, the sister could not fall asleep all night.\u2019 (Xanmagomedov 1970: 205; glosses per Arkadiev &amp; Maisak 2018: 138)<\/p>\n<p>In sum, causal markers derived from speech act verbs are typical for North Caucasian languages, which is not surprising, given their propensity to grammaticalize such verbs (cf. (Ershova\u00a02012) specifically for Kabardian, (Arkadiev &amp; Maisak 2018: 137\u2013140) for North Caucasian in general, (with special reference to Lezgic). Yet we clearly see that two distinct types of \u2018say\u2019-based constructions are present; their precise distribution across the languages of the area is worth investigating.<\/p>\n<p>Outside of the Caucasus, to our knowledge, the \u201cCircassian\u201d-like strategy has only been attested in Buryat as a recent innovation:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Buryat<\/p>\n<p>(9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>Ganzar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 jexel\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 jaara-na\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>juundeb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 gexe-de<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ganzar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 much\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hurry-prs[3sg]\u00a0 why\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 say-cond<\/p>\n<p><em>radiator-aj-n<sup>j\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/sup>uhan\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 x\u00fcre-\u0161e-\u017ee\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 bolo-xo\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 baj-gaa.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>radiator-gen-poss.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 water\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 freeze-intns-cv\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 aux-pc.fut\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 aux-pc.prs[3]\n<p>\u2018Ganzar is in a great hurry, because water in the radiator may freeze\u2019. (Darzhaeva 2017: 88)<\/p>\n<p>Thus, at the very least, this type of construction is not a uniquely North Caucasian, let alone Circassian feature. Notably, such constructions are specialized for encoding of reason, presenting another empirical argument against the claim for universality of grammaticalization clines in (Ebert 1991) and others.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While causal markers derived from speech act verbs are attested in languages from diverse parts of the world, the data discussed above show that North Caucasus should be added to the list of areas for which such connectors are especially typical (Southeast Asia, Volga-Kama area, probably some regions of Africa). The clauses introduced by the complex conjunctions <em>s<\/em><em>\u0259d-a p\u0307-\u0294<sup>w<\/sup>e-me<\/em> in Adyghe, <em>s<\/em><em>\u0259t \u015dha-\u010d\u0323\u02bce \u017e\u0259-p\u0307-\u0294<sup>w<\/sup>e-me <\/em>in Kabardian form a distinct subtype, also attested in East Caucasian and Buryat.<\/p>\n<p>Such constructions are of considerable interest in many respects. They are dedicated to expression of reason, \u201cbypassing\u201d more basic functions like complementation and purpose that have been claimed to be a necessary prerequisite for development of causal meaning. In this they testify to a special affinity between speech act verbs and causal clauses, the latter typically being used in spoken discourse to support a potentially problematic statement (Ford &amp; Mori\u00a01994; Diessel &amp; Hetterle\u00a02015), thus calling a specific attention to the act of communication itself.\u00a0 While any proposals that tie grammaticalization scenarios to specific socio-cultural factors by necessity stumble into a highly speculative territory, I would not refrain from noting that a particular Circassian (and, more generally, Caucasian) etiquette, with its emphasis on positive politeness, attention towards one\u2019s interlocutors, and frequent explicit references to the on-going act of communication might have provided a fertile ground for precisely this kind of morphosyntactic development.<\/p>\n<p>The constructions in question also represent a relatively early stage of grammaticalization, as testified by their transparent and non-reduced structural form. They may shed further light on the general mechanisms of development of speech act verbs into causal markers, but it must be kept in mind that they constitute a special subtype that has most probably emerged via its own distinctive scenario. It appears tempting to investigate whether difference in origins is reflected in the range of uses. According to my preliminary observations, at least in Adyghe <em>s<\/em><em>\u0259d-a p\u0307-\u0294<sup>w<\/sup>e-me<\/em> can easily be used in contexts of objective causal relations, but the full picture can only be discovered through further study, for which the Adyghe Corpus (<a href=\"http:\/\/adyghe.web-corpora.net\">http:\/\/adyghe.web-corpora.net<\/a>) offers a suitable tool.<\/p>\n<p>Markedly different from more typical Circassian non-finite subordinate clauses, the structures of the kind discussed in the present paper have often been claimed a case of syntactic borrowing from Russian. (Matasovi\u0107\u00a02010: 105) goes as far as to suspect <em>s<\/em><em>\u0259t \u015dha-\u010d\u0323\u02bce \u017e\u0259-p\u0307-\u0294<sup>w<\/sup>e-me <\/em>and other such complex conjunctions in Kabardian to be calques. Given their distribution in North Caucasian languages, their morphosyntactic composition, drastically different from that of their Russian counterparts, and the typologically common pattern of grammaticalization, I\u00a0seriously doubt this view. Following the three-stage model of language change [Croft\u00a02006], it appears likely that contact with Russian has facilitated propagation of such constructions throughout the speech community and probably also their diffusion within the language system. They are likely to further gain in frequency in the future, with the considerable number of heritage speakers, for whom complex converbial and participial structures are notoriously difficult to master. But their initial emergence, the stage of innovation itself, must be rooted in the inner potential of the Circassian language system.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Abbreviations<\/p>\n<p>a\u00a0\u2013 agent; abs\u00a0\u2013 absolutive; adv\u00a0\u2013 adverbial; aff\u00a0\u2013 affirmative; ant\u00a0\u2013 anterior; aor\u00a0\u2013 aorist; aux\u00a0\u2013 auxiliary; cond\u00a0\u2013 conditional; coord\u00a0\u2013 coordination; cop\u00a0\u2013 copula; cv\u00a0\u2013 converb; dat\u00a0\u2013 dative; dir\u00a0\u2013 directive; dyn\u00a0\u2013 dynamic;\u00a0 excl\u00a0\u2013 exclusive; fut\u00a0\u2013 future; gen\u00a0\u2013 genitive; iness\u00a0\u2013 inessive; inf\u00a0\u2013 infinitive; ins\u00a0\u2013 instrumental; intns\u00a0\u2013 intensive; io\u00a0\u2013 indirect object; ipf\u00a0\u2013 imperfective; loc\u00a0\u2013 locative preverb; neg\u00a0\u2013 negation; nom\u00a0\u2013 nominative; nw\u00a0\u2013 nonwitnessed; obl\u00a0\u2013 oblique case; pass\u00a0\u2013 passive; pc\u00a0\u2013 participle; pf\u00a0\u2013 perfective; pl\u00a0\u2013 plural; poss\u00a0\u2013 possessive; pot\u00a0\u2013 potential; prog\u00a0\u2013 progressive; prs\u00a0\u2013 present; pst\u00a0\u2013 past; q\u00a0\u2013 question; reas\u00a0\u2013 reason; rfl\u00a0\u2013 reflexive; sg\u00a0\u2013 singular; sub\u00a0\u2013 substantivizer; temp\u00a0\u2013temporal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Arkadiev,\u00a0P.\u00a0M.\u00a0&amp;\u00a0Gerasimov,\u00a0D.\u00a0V. 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Majkop: Adygeja.","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract This study is concerned with finite subordinate clauses of reason in Circassian languages, putting them into a wider areal and typological context. These constructions, introduced by complex conjunctions comprising an interrogative pronoun and a conditional form of a verb of saying, are of special interest for the typology and diachrony of causal markers derived &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,25],"tags":[144,183,181,185,182,184],"ppma_author":[256],"aioseo_notices":[],"authors":[{"term_id":256,"user_id":28,"is_guest":0,"slug":"gerasimovd","display_name":"Dmitry Gerasimov","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2796b8f6f9bb92cfb03793296e997d47?s=96&d=mm&r=g","user_url":"","last_name":"Gerasimov","first_name":"Dmitry","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1475"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/28"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1475"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1475\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1477,"href":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1475\/revisions\/1477"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1475"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1475"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1475"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/af20xx.bzexase.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=1475"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}