Chukhua Merab, Prof.Dr.[1]
Many special works [Ivanov 1985; Braun 2002; Girbal 1986…] have been dedicated to the issue of interrelation of the Hattian and Caucasian languages. As it is obvious Hattian is one of the Paleo-Caucassian (Ibero-Caucasian) languages which is considered to be a kindred language of the Circassian languages by one part of scholars [Meszares 1934; Ivanov 1985; Braun 2002], others – of the Kartvelian ones [Girbal 1986; Giorgadze 1999; Gordeziani 2007; Gabeskiria 2007; 2010].
The isoglosses represented by me reveal the Circassian nature of Hattian, though in some cases the number of Kartvelizms exceeds [Chukhua 2015]. At this stage I represent only lexical material in which the Hattian data is initial. Afterwards the Kartvelian, Circassian, Dagestanian and Nakh correspondences are given.
Hatt. al ‘word; language’ : Old Geo. al-a ‘speech of many people’ : Ts.-Tush. al´-, Chech. āl-, Ing. al- ‘saying, telling, speaking’ : Dag., Akhv. e, Cham. i- ‘saying’
Hatt. ḫan-wa-šwit ‘throne’ : Geo. sit-i-ḳan-i //sit-i-ḳin-i ‘seat for principals’ : Qab. šǝt ‘chair’ : Dag., Arch. ent ‘chair’ (cf., Apkhaz-Abaza -šat-a ‘bottom’(?)).
Hatt. ka ‘which/who’, ki ‘that one’ :Geo. i-g-i, e-g, Svan e-ǯ-i (← *e-g´-i) ‘which/who’ : Adyg. (Shaps.) a ‘that’ – Dag., Botl. go-w /go-j/go-b ‘that’, Lak ga’/ge ‘that’
Hatt. kait ‘species of grain’ : Geo. krt-il-i ‘autumn barley’: Chech. köta ‘linen’ (cf. Hurr. kade ‘barley’) : Ingush. geta ‘linen’
Hatt. kut ‘liver’ : Geo. ḳurṭum-o ‘rump’, Colkh, ḳurṭum-el-i “id.” : Dag., Avar ḳutub, Darg. (Chirg.) ḳuṭum, Agul ḳurṭum, Budukh ḳuṭun, Krits ḳûaṭin ‘liver’…
Hatt. kupal in the word kur-kupal ‘nail’ : Geo. ḳop͎al-i, Colkh (Megr.) ḳop͎ul-i ‘arrow’
Hatt. kurt ‘leaf’ : Geo. ḳwirṭ-i ‘bud’
Hat. mar ‘digging over (with spade)’ : Geo. bar-i ‘spade’, bar-v-a ‘digging’ : Dag., Lezg. pper, Khinal ber, Budukh bar ‘spade’
Hatt. muna ‘botton; foundation, basis’ : Geo. bun-i ‘foundation, hole’ : Adyg. bǎn-ǝ ‘grave’, Ubykh bǝn-ǝ ‘grave hole’ : Chech. bent, Tsova-Tush ben ‘nest’
Hat. mu ‘mother’, teti-mu ‘grandmother’ : Svan mu ‘father’ : Lak ppu (← *bu) ‘father’, Arch. bu-va ‘mother’…
Hatt. mut ‘part of a body’ : Geo. muṭ-el-i ‘vulva’: Dag., Awar. (Chad.) muṭu ‘mouth’, Bezhit moṭo ‘face’
Hatt. par (=bar) ‘thousand’ : Geo. ber-, ber-a ‘big/large; large number/lot’ (cf. bera-ʒarγva = ‘great plantain’) : Adyg. bǎ ‘large number/lot’ : Dag., Agul. ppara (←*bara), Rut. bara, Krats. parä ‘lot’, cf. Osset. (←Nakh) birá “id.”
Hatt. pašun ‘soul’, pušan ‘breathing’ : Geo. pšwin-v-a ‘heavy breathing’, cf. sa-mšwin-v-el-i ‘soul, spirit’ : Dag., Did. muš-a, Bezhit muš-o, Hunzib. muš-e ‘breath, smell’
Hatt. pin (=bin) ‘son, one’s own child, child’ : Geo. bun-i ‘descendant of one grandfather’ : Adyg bǝn-ǝ, Qab. bǝn ‘child; descendant’, cf. Adyg. bǝnǝ ‘family’ : Colkh. (Megr.) pan-ia ‘family’ Dag., Bezhit bina ‘house’
Hatt. pip ‘stone’ : Colch (Megr.) papa-ala ‘sheer (rock/cliff), boulder, rocky shore’; cf. Urart. papa (?) ‘stone, rock’
Hatt. piš ‘hearing’ : Colch. (Megr.) ps-in, o-psin-u-n ‘smb hears’ : Apkh.-Abaza pš-ra ‘watching/looking’, Adyg. pl´a-n ‘watching/looking’, Ubykh sǝ-pl´á-n “id.”
Hatt. šam ‘hearing’ : Geo. sem-/sm-, sm-en-a ‘hearing; watching/looking’ : Adyg. (Basl.) psǝ-, qá-ûǝ-psǝ-n ‘awaking/waking up’ : Chech. sam-a-dal-a, Ingush som-a-dal-a ‘awaking/waking up’, for semantics cf. Apkhaz a-pš-ra ‘looking all around/in both direction’; awaking/waking up’
Hatt. tal ‘tree, beam’ : Geo. tal-i //tal-a ‘hoop’, Svan tal ‘wedge/spoke’ : Chech. tal ‘poplar’, Ingush täl-g ‘wedge/spoke’ : Lak ala ‘thick block of wood/tree stump’, Darg. (Sirg.) ali ‘pole/pillar’
Hatt. taš ‘no’ : Svan dēsa//desa ‘no, not’ : Dag., Tsakh. dēš ‘no’
Hatt. tawaa //tawa-tup ‘giant/gigantic, awful/terrible’ : Geo. dev-i, Svan na-daw-ra ‘horned/many-headed devil, giant’ : Apkh. a-dvǝ, Abaz dwǝ ‘great/gigant’ : Dag., Rut daw ‘lion’
Hatt. dun ‘casting a spell/exorcizing/incantation’ : Geo. i-dum-al-i ‘mystery’, sa-i-dum-l-o ‘secret’; dum-il-i ‘silence’ : Qab. dǝm ‘weak voice’ : Nakh dub ‘oath’
Hatt. witanu ‘cheese’ : Geo. motal-i ‘moldy cheese’ : Dag., Archib murtila ‘cheese’
Hatt. zar ‘calling over, calling’ : Geo. zar-i, Colkh (Megr.) zor-i ‘ sound of bugle/trumpet’, Svan zär//zar ‘mourning hymn’ : Nakh azan ‘voice’
Hatt. ur-eš ‘smith/farrier’ : Geo. (Mokh.) var-ia-j ‘wooden smith’s hammer’, Colkh ur-o ‘smith’s hammer’ : Qab. wǝr, Apkh. a-wǝr-a ‘smith’s hammer’ : Dag., Cham. ir-am-a, Agul nar ‘hammer’
Hatt. zuwa ‘woman’ : Geo. ʒuw-i , Colkh ǯua ‘female’ : Abaz. žwǝ //Apkh. (Bzip) á-zˊw ‘cow’ : Dag., And. ziwu, Akhvakh žinwo ‘cow : Ts.-Tush. žabo ‘cow’
Hatt. zipina ‘sour’ : Geo. ʒm-ar-i ‘vinegar’, Colkh ǯim-u ‘salt’, ǯimor-i / ǯumor-i ‘vinegar’ : Ubykh ǯ´ǝ ← *ǯwǝ ‘salt’ : Dag., Avar çam, Darg. (Urakh) ʒe ‘salt’
Hatt. ma ‘no(t)’ : Colkh (Laz) mo/mo-t, Svan mā-de ‘don’t/not’ : Apkh., Abaz. -mǝ ‘no’ : Nakh mo ‘no’
Hatt. ziher ‘construction wood; tree’ : Svan zek ‘firewood; tree’, zek-ra ‘made from logs/tree-trunk : Ingush zagal ‘stick’
Hatt. zilat ‘sofa’, ma-zilat ‘sofa (stands)’ : Geo. zinad-i ‘bed for resting’ (“Knight in the panther’s skin”) : Etrusc. zilath ‘high position’
Hat. zinar ‘lyre, harp’, hun-zinar ‘big lyre’ : Geo. zonar-i ‘lace’, cf. Arm. (← Geo.) ǯnari ‘string; lyre’
Hat. –b-‘seeing, eye-sight’ : Svan ab/hab ‘color; outward, appearance, looks, expression’, Colkh (Megr.) ebr-i ‘outward appearance/looks/expression’ : Apkh. a-ba-ra, Abaz ba-ra, Ubykh bǝja ‘seeing, eye-sight’ : Hurr. abi ‘face/look’
Hatt. -š- ‘sitting’ : Geo. sw- ‘sitting’ : Adyg. sǝ-n ‘sitting’, Ubykh –s– ‘sitting’, lying’ : Nakh -oss- ‘seat smb/smth lower’ : Dag., Tab. d-usa- ‘sitting down’;
Hatt. waašul ‘good harvest/surpluses, abundance’ : Geo. pučula//punčula ‘plump/stout’ : Apkh. a-psǝla, Abaz psǝla ‘fat’ : Nakh w-arst ‘stout/plump (man)’
Hatt. šuwa ‘over there’ : Geo. sve ‘plot of land’, Colkh (Laz) sva ‘place’ : Ubykh šwa ‘place’ : Dag., Lak šawa ‘house’
Hatt. –du ‘plural marker’: zar-du ‘sheep’ : Svan -edu ‘plural marker’ : Dag., Botl. -de/-di ‘plural marker’, Godob –di “id.”, Khvakh –di/do “id.”, Khinal. –erder/-urdur “id.”
Hat. il ‘god’ : Geo. el-ia ‘Elijah’, Colkh al-, in the word al-erṭ-i ‘Helios, chariot’…
I abstain from presenting the formulas of sound-correspondences between the mentioned languages on the basis of the given material since due to the lack of the material I think it is too early to draw conclusions in this respect. I only would like to note that phonological difference is revealed between the z and zz recordings (Viach. Ivanov), i.e. z=z and zz=dz whistling (hizzing) sibilants. It doesn’t seem inappropriate to note that Hattian pš complex which corresponds with Apkhaz-Abaza pš and Kartvelian ps groups, excludes the existence of laterals in Hattian since the Circassian languages reveal the pl´ lateral complex, i.e. l´ → š is confirmed in Hattian and in this regard it coincides with the Apkhaz-Kartvelian data.
In point of fact it is required to carry out the Hattian-Caucassian comparative study on all language hierarchical level which will enable us to learn to what extant demonstrates the Hattian language the Caucasian (Paleo-Caucasian) nature.
References:
Braun 2002: Braun J., The Hattian and Apkhaz-Adygean languages, World of the culture of Adyges
(problems, evolution and integrity), Maykop
Girbal 1986: Girbal Ch., Beiträge zur Grammatik des Hattischen:, Frankfurt am Main-Bern-New York
Giorgadze 1999: Giorgadze Gr., Hattian and Kartvelological studies, Tbilisi
Gordeziani 2007: Gordeziani R., Kartvelian-Mediterranean relations, I. Basic principles. Tbilisi
Gabeskiria 2007: Gabeskiria Sh., On the relation of the Iberian-Caucasian languages with Hattian and
Urartian, materials of I international congress of Caucasiologists, Tbilisi
Gabeskiria 2010: Gabeskiria Sh., Importance of the Hittitte and Hattian languages for the history of
Kartvelian onomastics and Georgian language, materials of II international congress of Caucasiologists, Tbilisi
Ivanov 1985: Ivanov Vyach., On the relation of the Hattian language with the ancient southwest Caucasia,
Ancient Anatoly, Moscow
Meszares 1934: Meszares F., Die Päkhy Sprache, Chikago Press
Chukhua 2015: Chukhua M., Towards the Kartvelian isoglosses of the Hattian (Proto-Hittitte) language,
materials of the 74th scientific session of the Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics.
[1] Tbilisi
